| The
Underground Railroad "Quilt Code" |
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The "Quilt Code" industry: Betsy Ross redux
Teresa
Kemp, Wilson's daughter and Ozella's great-niece, maintains her
family is very private, and in 2002 claimed they only went public because
"some writer in NY made the comment that our family was
not smart enough to have passed down the history."
She also complained that although Ozella "was a principal
in CA and a college graduate with a law degree they left those
items of information out and showed her looking like a slave,
not a LA socialite." This
seems to echo Tobin; according to historian Wright,
Tobin (who is white) has claimed that the only people to
question Hidden in Plain View are "angry white quilters"
who goaded Wright (who is African-American) into publicly debunking the "code".
(Consider also Ms. Kemp's assertions about
the Daughters of the Confederacy.)
In
a later email, Kemp gave me a somewhat different explanation,
indicating that early on the family had collaborated with Tobin
but then parted ways:
it
was not our decision to go public. [HIPV author] Jackie
Tobin selected my Aunt to write about. Once the book came
out then she and Ramond [Dobard] were under attack for
what everone said was a made up story. My aunt was
deseased! I have always know the information but never
went public.
We then let
Jackie know she is not the Griot for our family but my
mother is and knows everyone, where the are what the did,
where they lived, their children and their children's
children. She did all the research on the oral history and
had documented a lot. Most middle aged people want to know
about their families and some younger ones also. Anyway
after Jackie seemed to become the voice for our family it
became necessary to call the authors and the publishers
and publist for them and let them know we were alive and
quilting.
We were asked to
attend press conferences and some of the appearances they
were making since they did not even have all the
infomation or know how the code fit. They talked with my
aunt 3 time and did some research and wrote the book! We
agreed. That was also one of the ways we could take
control of our family story and be sure it was accurately
told. Also Jackie was not the keeper of the sacred Quilt
Code for the Black Race as had been portrayed in some
articles that are still available on the internet for your
review!
it
was not our decision to go public. [HIPV author] Jackie
Tobin selected my Aunt to write about. Once the book came
out then she and Ramond [Dobard] were under attack for
what everone said was a made up story. My aunt was
deseased! I have always know the information but never
went public.
We could have
taken them to court but we chose to be supportive and we
truely are honored that a Women's history professor
selected my aunt to be the subject of her book. It was
unfortunate that they waited until she passed to publish.
We have heard a
lot of negative information about some people who find
older African-Americans buy their "art", have
their friends buy the folk art, video tape them, and when
they pass they are the owners of Original Folk Art and do
books, videos write grants for world tours. It had been
told to me that it is a form of sharecropping. The elderly
live on their land and in exchange they give them pieces
of their art.
I am not saying
that is what Jackie did but that is one of the topics my
co-workers told me about when the articles about hidden in
Plain View came out. They did not know it was my family. I
just listened. That is when I had to decide what to do. As
I met these collectors on a buying trip. Some stopped in
Atlanta and asked to see my quilts. They wanted one of the
quilt squares my daughter made but I explained it is part
of a 5 generation quilt we are making.
They purchased 14
quilts in Alabama for 200.00! All hand made originals I
could not believe it.
Well that began
my immediate family having to be more public with exhibits
and programs or it would have been taken over by these
other groups.
It is
Kemp's position that her family has never attempted to profit from the book. But in fact her
extended family has a thriving cottage industry centered
around the Quilt Code. According to Ohio
records, like Ozella
(who sold her quilts in a Charleston tourist mall), Wilson
began making and selling quilts under the name
"Plantation Quilts and Gifts" in 1993 - the same
year Ozella first approached Tobin with her story. But Wilson did not register that business name until six weeks after the
release of Hidden in Plain View
in January 1999. (Their 2006 website, whose domain they registered in 2003, inexplicably carries a copyright date of "April 1998"- nearly a year before Kemp says the family knew Ozella had spoken to anyone about the
"Code". She said she
displays the book with quilts she has for sale at her stall in
an antiques and crafts mall. While Tobin told me in 2002 that she is a "programmer
analyst," in a May 2004 request for help with a grant
application she describes
herself and her parents as "researchers, historians, lecturers
and curators." Wilson has made numerous
television appearances, and stated that her granddaughter
was preparing a quilting series for cable TV in conjunction
with her son-in-law, who I understand is connected with television or video.
(Kemp says her husband is a television
director but is not working on her daughter's project.) In 2002
Tobin
emailed me that a "quilt code" documentary was scheduled to be released in early 2003.
In early 2004 I contacted the production company to find out the
status of the documentary. They said it was still being
edited, and welcomed further questions. However, when I asked what historians were consulting on
the project, I never received a reply. I later learned that at least one well-known
quilt historian and appraiser had raised concerns about the film's premise,
which may explain the delay in its release.
Wilson says the
family gave over 150 lectures in 2001 alone. At these
lectures, Kemp says that the family sells "Quilt
Code" T-shirts, tote bags, books, and gifts. In 2000 the
family offered a 5-day "Underground Railroad Quilt
Tour" on their now-defunct website (screen capture
here) Kemp told me that for a one-hour lecture and a discussion
period she charges a speaking fee plus hotel, meals and air
transportation for the up to 4 generations of her family who
participate. She would not reveal the actual speaking fee
itself, but offered to waive the transportation if I could
schedule the lecture to coincide with a tennis tournament her
children had in my area.
Wilson and Kemp's now-defunct, Geocities-based website (screen captures here,
here
and here)
stated variously that it was sponsored by "Plantation
Quilts & Gifts along with the Underground Railroad Family & Friends Foundation". When
asked about this foundation,
Wilson said it was a nonprofit Georgia
organization run by Kemp, who could provide the tax ID
number for tax-deductible contributions. But in 2002 Georgia state
officials said they had no record of any such organization,
tax-exempt or otherwise. I also found no such
organization registered in Wilson's home state of Ohio.
The Geocities
website described
the family's "traveling
museum exhibit" (screen capture here)
as "the greatest human
relations event & conversational dialogue that your
community has ever experienced"; the
family's new
website (screen captures here,
here,
here
and here)
goes into much greater detail.
When
questioned in a phone conversation about this "museum exhibit" (also described in her
magazine article), Wilson admitted it was simply the
collection of quilts, fabrics, dolls, gourds, masks and ship
models the family brings to its lectures and sometimes
displays afterward. She could not say whether any of the
quilts she uses in her lectures are in fact from the
Underground Railroad period, but pictures and her 2006 website advertisement of "over 20 hand stitched quilts, 9 from the 1800's". The quilts displayed with
other objects used in "Quilt Code" lectures are clearly
less than 50 years old; prominently featured on the 2004 site is a quilt in red,
white and blue whose unusual star pattern was taken
directly from the 1996 Leisure Arts book Quick
Method Liberty Quilts.
One of the quilts in Wilson's "Quilt Code" artifacts display pictured on the family's 2003 website (above), comes from
a 1990s patriotic quilt pattern book (right) |
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Overstatement seems to be something of a habit. On
August 27, 2004 Kemp emailed educators, museums, and federal
organizations that
..on
Monday evening my Parents ( Howard & Serena Wilson and
my daughter Kir Kemp) are going to be on television CBS
with Harry Reasoner and Scott Frazier. OUr families story
along with Lori who is Levi Coffin's decendant will be
discussed.
Readers
would be forgiven for thinking this was a prime-time interview
with a leading newsanchor and founder of 60 Minutes, until
recently a
program known for in-depth investigative reporting, and therefore
presuming that Wilson's claims were being taken
seriously. But Reasoner has been dead for 13
years. As it turns out, the week before Kemp sent out her
email, Ms. Wilson (without her husband or
granddaughter), sporting what appears to be a Nigerian buba
dress
over her Western clothing, briefly appeared in a segment on the CBS
early-morning "lite" news show hosted by Harry Smith. There was
no interview or "discussion" of the "families
story"; Wilson has no connection with the Museum and was not
appearing at its behest.
Both Wilson (in
Ohio) and Kemp (in Georgia) applied for inclusion in the National Parks Service's
UGRR "Network to Freedom" program. Both were turned down.
In
May 2004 Kemp emailed Tagger asking for help obtaining letters
of interest for a Department of Education grant. (Such letters,
which come from prospective service users, are a critical part of a grant
application since they
demonstrate a need for the service being proposed.)
Kemp's proposal: to obtain
"an 18-wheeler semi-truck like the Lewis and Clark traveling
exhibit that would be a traveling interpretive laboratory that
would be a museum that comes to you". She also wrote that
"If anyone has matching grants for Historical, Cultural (Gechee-Gulla),
African Studies, African-American, Women Studies, UGRR,
Mathematics or Science we would like to discuss to see if we
are a good fit. Our programs and exhibits cover all of the
above topics, diversity workshops and more." Tagger
forwarded the email to fifty-one individuals and
organizations, but states the NPS's position on the
"Code" is noncommittal.
In
February 2005 Kemp announced in an email:
I
have been so busy working on a dream! I have gotten an UGRR
Quilt Museum Open to honor my families envolvemnt [sic] in
the Underground Railroad!
This a note to invite you to visit my Underground Railroad
Quilt Code Museum at Underground Atlanta. You are welcome to
post information on your website or distribute
information any way you would like. Let me know if you would
like me to mail you more information. Mention this e-mail
and you can come for free and your guest can have $2.00 off
the $76.00 [sic] admission fee. Please forward this e-mail
and help me get the word out.
An antiques dealer toured the museum later that year, but was unable to find any 19th century quilts; the documents were photocopies of e.g. advertisements for runaway slaves.
Although the quilts were displayed in full light without any UV protection, he was not permitted to take any photographs because this "might damage the quilts." Fortunately the family's new website contains two images of the displays; enlargements are here and here.
All visible objects are clearly 20th century. Products from the museum's gift shop are also available online. In late 2006
Zambian handicrafts were also offered, although no slaves are known to have been brought to the US from that part of Africa.
Not on display is the original firsthand account of the "Code" which Kemp persists in claiming she possesses.
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